Finlay Institute Library Exchange
 

 INDEX  FILE(1) FILE(2) FILE(3) Revista M.C.

 
 
Disorders of the pupil
HELMUT WILHELM
Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Ho,lpital, University of TUbingen. TUbingen, Germany
 
Plasma Cell Orificial Mucositis
Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

John W. White, Jr, MD; Kerry D. Olsen, MD; Peter M. Banks, MD
 
Obesity Treatment for Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Patients in Primary Care Practice
G. Bennelt, PhD; Erica T. Wamer, SeD, MPH; Russell E. Glasgow, PhD; Sandy AS/lew, MPH; Julie GoldmaH, MSW, MPH; Debra P. Rirzwoller, PhD; Karen M. Emmons, PhD; Bemara A. Rosner, PhD; Graham A. Colditz, MD, Dr PH;jorlhe Be Fit, Be Well Study Investigators
 
Red Meat Consumption and Mortality
Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies

An Pan, PhD; Qi Sun, MD, SeD; Adam M. Belllstein, MD, SeD; Matthias B. Schulze, DrPH; JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH; Meir. StampJer, MD, DrPH; Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH; Fran!. B. Hu, MD, PhD
 
The Third Wave-Medical Tourism in the 21st Century
Bennett Pafford, MPH, MD
Abstract:
The high number of uninsured or underinsured Americans and the spiraling cost of healthcare in the United States has spurred growth in patients traveling abroad for affordable healthcare, which has become known as medical tourism. It is projected to become a 521 billion a year industry by 2011. Overseas prices for most procedures, including airfare, are often half the cost of those performed in the United States; some procedures are 80% less. International facilities in India, Thailand, and elsewhere are obtaining Joint Commission International (leI) accreditation and aggressively marketing to Western cllstomers and insurance agencies and advertising high quality standards and personalized service, The acceptance of medial tourism is growing, with a recent poll showing more than 40% ofUS healthcare consumers willing to travel abroad for care, Insurance companies have begun to integrate foreign care into their coverage, offering discounts to patients agreeing to overR seas travel. Physician groups have been slow to respond, even though estimates are that medical tourism may represent $162 billion in lost spending in America by 2012, Some experts think the continued US healthcare cost crisis will drive an increase in medical tourism and international competition, significantly impacting domestic physicians and hospitals, Key 'Vords: AMA policy paper, economic impact, international hospitals, medical offshoring, medical tourism
 
THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH-CARE EXPENDITURE: NEW RESULTS FROM SEMIPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION
HELMUT HERWARTZ' and BERND THEILENb
 
The Brazilian health system: history, advances, and challenges
Jairnilson Paim, Claudia Travassos, Celia Almeida, Ligia Bahia, James Macinko
 
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s grant-making programme for global health
David McCoy, Gayatri Kembhavi, Jinesh Patel, Akish Luintel
 
Socioeconomic determinants of infant mortality: a worldwide study of 152 low-, middle-, and high-income countries
Schell CO, Reilly M, Rosling H, Peterson S, Ekstrom AM
Abstract Background:
To reach the Millennium Development Goals for health, influential international bodies advocate for more resources to be directed to the health sector, in particular medical treatment. Yet, health has many determinants beyond the health sector that are less evident than proximate predictors. Aim: To assess the relative importance of major socioeconomic detenninants of population health, measured as infant mortality rate (IMR), at country level. Methods: National-level data from 152 countries based on \Vorld Development Indicators 2003 were used for multivariate linear regression analyses of five socioeconomic predictors of IMR: public spending on health, GNIIcapita, poverty rate, income equality (Gini index), and young female illiteracy rate. Analyses were performed on a global level and stratified for low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Results: In order of importance, GNl/capita, young female illiteracy, and income equality predicted 92% of the variation in national IMR whereas public spending on health and poverty rate were non-significant detenninants when adjusted for confounding. In low-income countries, female illiteracy was more important than GNIIcapita. Income equality (Gini index) was an independent predictor ofIMR in middle-income countries only. In high-income countries none of these predictors was significant. COl/elusions: The relative importance of major health detenninants varies between income levels, thus extrapolating health policies from high- to low-income countries is problematic. Since the size, per se, ofpublic health spending does not independently predict health outcomes, functioning health systems are necessary to make health investments efficient. Potential health gains from improved female education and economic growth should be considered in low- and middle-income countries Key Words: Child mortalitYJfemale literacYJ Gini indexJ GNIJ infant mortality rateJ health determinantJ health expendirut'eJ health systemJ povertYJ socioeconomic
 
Predictors of Avoidable Hospitalizations Among Assisted Living Residents
Marion Becker, RN, PhD, Timothy Boaz, PhD, Ross Andel, PhD, and Anne DeMuth, MPH
 
Food Expenditures and Food Purchasing Among Low-Income, Urban, African-American Youth
Lauren A. Dennisuk, MHS, Anastasia J. Coutinho, MHS, Sonali Suratkar, MHS, Pamela J. Surkan, ScD, Karina Christiansen, BA, Michelle Riley, MHS, RD, Jean A. Anliker RD, PhD, Sangita Sharma, PhD, Joel Gittelsohn, PhD
 
Financing of HIV/AIDS programme scale-up in low-income and middle-income countries, 2009–31
Robert Hecht, John Stover, Lori Bollinger, Farzana Muhib, Kelsey Case, David de Ferranti
 
Do we have primary health care reform? The story of the Republic of Serbia
Snezana Simica, Milena Santric Milicevica, Bojana Matejica, Jelena Marinkovicb, Orvill Adamsc
Abstract:
In 1975, 50 year-old Americans could expect to live slightly longer than most of their Western European counterparts. By 2005, American life expectancy had fallen behind that of most Western European countries. We find that this growing longevity gap is primarily due to real declines in the health of nearelderly Americans, relative to their Western European peers. We use a microsimulation approach to project what US longevity would look like, if US health trends approximated those in Western Europe. The model implies that differences in health can explain most of the growing gap in remaining life expectancy. In addition, we quantify the public finance consequences of this deterioration in health. The model predicts that gradually moving American cohorts to the health status enjoyed by Western Europeans could save up to $1.1 trillion in discounted total health expenditures from 2004 to 2050.  2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 
Differences in health between Americans and Western Europeans: Effects on longevity and public finance
Pierre-Carl Michaud a,*, Dana Goldman b, Darius Lakdawalla b, Adam Gailey c, Yuhui Zheng d
Abstract:
Objective: To provide insight of national activities and international assistance inPHCreform and to assess their effects on technical and allocative efficiency as well as financial sustainability of primary health care in the Republic of Serbia. Materials and methods: Analytical framework of the study consisted of gathering and reviewing of relevant political documents, international assistance project documentation, and analysis of routinely collected national statistical data based on the evaluation model of three groups of criteria: allocative, technical efficiency and financial sustainability in the public sector of Serbia from 2000 to 2007. Time trends were analyzed by Poisson regression models using average annual percentage changes – AAPC, and the percent of targeted change achieved by progress quotient – PQ. Results: Allocative efficiency of the PHC during period of 8 years was improved, but technical efficiency was almost unchanged for all service, except for preschool health care. Financial sustainability was also improved measured by indirect indicators of health expenditure. Conclusions: Results of this study indicated that we are on the right track with PHC reform, and international support is in accordance with the reform goals. Our approach has been and will remain incremental, gradualist and multi-faceted. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
 
Critical Care Rationing: International Comparisons
Timothy W. Evans, Stefano Nava, Guillermo Vazquez Mata, Bertrand Guidet, Elisa Estenssoro, Robert Fowler, Leslie P. Scheunemann, Douglas White and Constantine A. Manthous
 
Assessing health system performance in developing countries: A review of the literature
Margaret Elizabeth Kruka,b, Lynn P. Freedman b
 
An assessment of interactions between global health initiatives and country health systems
World Health Organization Maximizing Positive Synergies Collaborative Group*
 
ACTA PHARMACEUTICA HUNGARICA
ASSESSMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL EXPENDITURE IN H
Inotai A;Meresz G;Kalo Z
 
Use of Psychostimulants in Patients with Dementia
Christian R Dolder, Lauren Nicole Davis, and Jonathan McKinsey
 
Turbocharging the brain
Gary Stix
 
Premotor signs and symptoms of multiple system atrophy
Milica Jecmenica-Lukic, Werner Poewe, Eduardo Tolosa, Gregor K Wenning
 
Pharmakologisches Neuroenhancement und,"Hirndoping"
Chancen und Risiken
 
Methylphenidate for the Treatment of Apathy in Alzheimer Disease Prediction of Response Using Dextroamphetamine Challenge
Nathan Herrmann, MD, FRCP(C), Lana S. Rothenburg, MSc, Sandra E. Black, MD, FRCP(C), Michelle Ryan, MSc,Barbara A. Liu, MD, FRCP(C),Usoa E. Busto, PharmD, and Krista Lanctot, PhD
Abstract:
Apathy is a common behavioral symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD), being present in up to 70% ofpatients. Apathy in AD and non-AD populations has been associated with dysfunction in the dopaminergic brain reward system, suggesting that phannacotherapeutic targeting of this system may be an effective treatment for apathy in AD. We therefore performed a randomized, double~blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial ofmethylphenidate in a sample of 13 apathetic AD patients (6 men, 7 women; age mean 77.9 years [SD, 7.8 years]; Mini Mental Status Examination score, 19.9 [SD, 4.7]). Patients were treated with methylphenidate (10 mg PO twice a day) or an identical placebo in two 2-week phases separated by a l~week placebo washout. All patients participated in a dextroamphetamine challenge test (one lO-mg oral dose) before treatment with methylphenidate to gauge the functional integrity of the dopamine brain reward system. Overall, patients demonstrated greater improvement with methylphenidate compared with placebo according to Apathy Evaluation Scale total change scores (end of treatment - baseline: Wilcoxon Z = -2.00; P = 0.047). However, a significantly greater proportion of patients experienced at least 1 adverse event with methylphenidate compared with placebo (3 vs Ij X2 = 4.33, P = 0.038). Two patients experienced serious adverse events with methylphenidate, consisting ofdelusions, agitation, anger, irritability, and insomnia, which resolved upon discontinuation of the medication. Response to methylphenidate was associated with increases in inattention on a continuous perfonnance task after dextroamphetamine challenge. Psychostimulants may be effective in treating features of apathy in AD, and dopaminergic changes may predict response.
 
Methylphenidate for Apathy and Functional Status in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Prasad R Padala, M.D., WilliamJ. Burke, M.D., Valerie K. Shostrolll, M.S., Subhash C. Bhatia, M.D., Steven P. Wenge  M.D., Jane F. Pottel M.D., Fl'ederick Petty, Ph.D., M.D.
Objective:
Apathy is the most commoll behavioral problem ill persolls with demelltia of the Alzheimer type (DA1). Treatmellt of apathy ill DAT is Ilot systematically studied. The pwpose of this stuely was to evaluate the response of apathy to methylphenidate treatment and to e.\·arnine whetherfimctiotltll status improved. Methods: The authors conducted a 12week opell-Iabeled study with immediate release formulation of methylphenidate. Twenty-three patiellts with DAT sco";ng >40 on the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) were recruited. Repeated measures allalysis of variance and correlatlon analysis were performed. Results: None of the patients dropped out of the study because of adverse events. Significant improvement in apathy was noted du";ng 12 weeks. SignIficant hnprovement was also noted in depression, lYlini-A1ental State Ryaminatioll score, andJunctional status. I1Jere was no correlation bettveen changes in the AES and depression scores. Conclusions: Metljylphenidate was well tolerated in these patients with DAT. Apathy improved with the use of methylphenidate. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 18: 371-374)
 
Skeletal muscle involvement in human immunodeficiency virus infection a report of four cases.
 
HIV-related neuromuscular diseases: nemaline myopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and bibrachial amyotrophic diplegia
L.P. Rowland Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
 
Annals of Internal Medicine

Medical Clinics Versus Usual Care for Patients With Both Diabetes and Hypertension
A Randomized Trial
David Edelman, MD; Sonja K. Fredrickson, MD; Stephanie D. Melnyk, PharmD; Cynthia J. Coffman, PhD; Amy S. Jeffreys, MStat; Santanu Datta, PhD; George L. Jackson, PhD; Amy C. Harris, BA; Natia S. Hamilton, BS; Helen Stewart, RN; Jeannette Stein, MD;
and Morris Weinberger, PhD

 
Obstructive Syndrome in 7 Patients with Ischemic Colitis
Literature Review

N. Yaramov, Sv. Toshev,
K. Angelov, M. Sokolov, P. Gribnev, B. Pelrov, Ts. Lukanova

Abstract
Ischemic colitis is the most common form of intcstinal ischemia. The damage produccs ulcers in the lining of the large intestine. Ischemic colitis affects primarily people who are 50 or older. The disease was first described by Boley and associates f1] as a "reversible vascular occlusion" of the colon, and Marston and colleagues [2] went on to detail the gangrenous, strieturing, and transient forms. Two mechanisms may cause bowel ischemia: The first and most common is diminished bowel perfusion due to low cardiac output often seen with in patients with cardiac disease or in prolonged shock of any etiology. The second mechanism is occlusive disease ofthe vascular supply ofbowel due to atheroma. thrombosis, or embolism in which the collateral circulation is not adequate to maintain bowel integrity

 

Osteoporosis
Overcoming a costly and debilitating disease
David R, Rudy, MD

 
CONTRIBUTIONS ORIGINALES
Article

Syndrome d'Ogilvie chez la personne agee
Etude retrospective de 40 cas
Adeline Fraisse,Sophie Brosse, Patrick Manckoundia, Laura Popitean, Pierre Pfitzenmeyer

 
PREVENTION
Group medical clinics to manage diabetes and hypertension
 
European Journal of Internal Medicine
Original article
Hematocrit, urea and gender: The Hematocrit, Urea and Gender formula for prognosing progressive renal failure in diabetic nephropathy
Nicolás Roberto Robles, Flavio Ferreira, Rocio Martinez-Gallardo, Joaquin Alvarez Gregori, Emilio Sanchez-Casado, Juan Jose Cubero b, Juan Macias
Abstract
Objective: Diabetic nephropathy is a common cause of end stage renal disease. Notwithstanding, wide interindividual variations in the speed of progression of diabetic nephropathy are frequent. We have used the score of the HUGE formula to predict progression of kidney disease in a group of diabetic nephropathy patients. Design and methods: The sample consisted of 84 type 2 diabetic patients. At treatment entry, the mean age was 62.1±12.5 years and 59.5% were male. Blood pressure was measured at office at each visit. Serum creatinine, urea, hematocrit and 24 h proteinuria were analyzed every 6 months. HUGE score was calculated from gender, urea and hematocrit. Results: Mean HUGE score was 0.99±3.88. Using as cut off point 1.5, those patients who had a score equal or higher (n=31) showed a bigger increase in serum creatinine after one year (41.8±62.1%) than those subjects with scoreb1.5 (n=53) (18.7±38.6%, p=0.041). 5 patients with low HUGE score reached end stage renal failure (9.4%) and 10 patients in the high HUGE score group (32.3, p=0.008). When logistic regression analysis was performed only a HUGE score higher than 1.5 (p=0.003) and proteinuria higher than 2 g/day (p=0.041) were independently associated to CRF progression (creatinine increment>25%). Conclusions: In diabetic nephropathy patients the HUGE equation may be useful to detect the subjects prone to progressive renal failure. Wider samples will be needed to confirm this finding and, most important, its applicability to other kinds of nephropathy.
 
Vol 11, Special 10th Anniversary Edition
Ten years of integrated care for the older in France
Dominique Somme, MD, PhD, Paris Public Hospital Service, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Department of Geriatrics, 20-40 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Health Environment and Aging, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, EA 2506, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Paris, France
Matthieu de Stampa, MD, PhD, Paris Public Hospital Service, Sainte Périne Hospital, Department of Geriatrics, 11 rue Chardon Lagache, 75781 Paris Cedex 16, France; Health Environment and Aging, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, EA 2506, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Paris, France
Abstract
Background: This paper analyzes progress made toward the integration of the French health care system for the older and chronically ill population. Policies: Over the last 10 years, the French health care system has been principally influenced by two competing linkage models that failed to integrate social and health care services: local information and coordination centers, governed by the social field, and the gerontological health networks governed by the health field. In response to this fragmentation, Homes for the Integration and Autonomy for Alzheimer patients (MAIAs) is currently being implemented at experimental sites in the French national Alzheimer plan, using an evidence-based model of integrated care. In addition, the state’s reforms recently created regional health agencies (ARSs) by merging seven strategic institutions to manage the overall delivery of care. Conclusion: The French health care system is moving from a linkage-based model to a more integrated care system. We draw some early lessons from these changes, including the importance of national leadership and governance and a change management strategy that uses both top-down and bottom-up approaches to implement these reforms.
 
Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disease in Pregnancy: Their Contributions to Cardiovascular Risk
Carolina Valdiviezo, MD; Vesna D. Garovic, MD; Pamela Ouyang, MBBS Department of Medicine (Valdiviezo, Ouyang), Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (Garovic), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Abstract
More women than men die each year of cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Sex-specific factors, including pregnancy-related disorders, should be considered when assessing cardiovascular (CV) risk in women. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy have been associated with CV risk later in life and may identify women in whom earlier primary prevention may reduce their risk. This article reviews the physiologic changes in blood pressure during pregnancy, current definitions of hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and preeclampsia, and postulated pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to preeclampsia that might contribute to later CV risk. Also summarized are studies providing evidence on the association between hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and future CV risk.
 
Homocysteine after a methionine load in healthy subjects with adequate B-vitamin status
Mardia López-Alarcón, Adolfo Chávez-Negrete, Irene Montalvo-Velarde, Jorge Maldonado-Hernández, and Víctor Saúl Vital-Reyes
Abstract
Background: Plasma homocysteine (Hcy) determination at 6-8 h after an oral methionine load (OML) allows for identification of some, but not all, individuals at risk to develop cardiovascular disease. It is probable that in some cases the Hcy increases occur later, or it elevates between normal ranges but in a sustained manner. However, the entire Hcy response curve has not been described. We undertook this study to determine Hcy concentrations from baseline to 24- and 48-h after an OML in non-B-vitamin deficient adult subjects with other risk factors for high levels of Hcy such as smoking and overweight. Methods: In a cross-over, clinical design, Hcy concentrations were determined at 2-h intervals throughout 12 h and at 24 h and 48 h after an OML (0.1 g/kg). Hcy and vitamin B6 (VB6) concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Folic acid (FA) and vitamin B12 (VB12) were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Statistical analysis included delta values and areas under the curve. Student t-test and repeated measurement analyses were conducted to control for confounders. Results: Twenty nine subjects with adequate Hcy, FA, VB6 and VB12 status were included. The maximum Hcy concentration occurred 8 h after the load and returned to baseline concentrations after 24 h. All subjects presented Hcy after the load within normal ranges, but smoking and overweight synergistically influenced the response to the challenge, producing a sustained elevation after the dose. Conclusions: Hcy concentrations after an OML remained above baseline for at least 24 h. Smoking and overweight affected the response to the methionine challenge. Key words: homocysteine response, oral methionine test, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12
 
Dental Research Journal
Original Article
Comparison of cardiovascular disease risk in two main forms of periodontitis
Rahul Chopra, Sudhir R. Patil, Shivani Mathur
Abstract:
Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant and has been proved to be a significant predictor of future cardiovascular events. Recent studies have demonstrated a correlation between periodontitis and elevated CRP levels. However, comparison between the levels of CRP in two main forms of periodontitis is ambiguous. This study aims at determining and comparing the relative levels of serum CRP in aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 systemically healthy subjects were divided into three groups of 80 based on having generalized aggressive periodontitis, chronic generalized periodontitis and non-periodontitis (NP; controls). Venous blood samples were collected for quantitative CRP analysis using turbidimetric immunoassay. Results: Mean CRP levels were significantly greater in both generalized aggressive periodontitis (7.49±2.31 mg/l) and chronic generalized periodontitis (4.88±1.80 mg/l) groups as compared to NP (0.68±0.23 mg/l) controls. Moreover, CRP levels were significantly higher in aggressive periodontitis as compared to chronic periodontitis patients. Also, CRP levels positively correlated with the amount of periodontal destruction as measured by probing depth and clinical attachment loss for both chronic generalized periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis. Conclusion: Findings of the present study indicated that periodontitis should be of particular concern in younger individuals, where elevated levels of CRP may contribute to early or more rapid cardiovascular disease in susceptible patients. Thus, further research should be carried out at a community level to ascertain these findings.
 
Factors Contributing to All-cause 30-day Readmissions
A Structured Case Series Across 18 Hospitals
Paul Feigenbaun\ MD, Estee Neuwirth PhD,  Linda Trowbridge, MBA, Serge Teplitsky, RN, Carol Ann Barnes, MS, Emily Firemam BA,  Jann Dorman, MBA, and Jim Bellows, PhD
 
 
Reviews - PREVENTION
Myocardial Ischemia in Women: Lessons From the NHLBI WISE Study
Martha Gutati, MD, MS, FACC, FAHA; Leslee). Shaw, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FASNC; C. Noel Bairey Mers, MD, FACC, FAHA
Objective:
To understand factors leading to all-cause 3D-day readmissions in a community hospital population. Research Design: Structured case series of 537 readmissions using chart reviews, interviews with treating physicians, patients and family caregivers, and overall case assessment by a nurse-physician team. Setting: Eighteen Kaiser Pennanente Northern California hospitals. Results: Forty-seven percent (250) of readmissions were assessed as potentially preventable; 11% (55) were assessed as very or completely preventable; and 36% (195) as slightly or moderately preventable. On average, 8.7 factors contributed to each potentially preventable readmission. Factors were related to care during the index stay (in 143 cases, 57% of potentially preventable read~ missions). the discharge process (168. 67%), and follow-up care (197, 79%). Missed opportunities to prevent readmissions were also related to quality improvement focus areas: transitions care planning and care coordination. clinical care, logistics of follow-up care, advance care planning and end-of-life care, and medication management. Conclusions: Multiple factors contributed to potentially prevent~ able readmissions in an integrated health care system with low baseline readmission rates. Reducing all-cause 3D-day readmissions may require a comprehensive approach addressing these areas. Future quality improvement efforts and research should identify existing and new tactics that can best prevent readmissions by addressing missed opportunities we identified.
 
ACO final rule cuts provider burden
Hospital Case Management. (Dec. 1,2011):
 
Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Population-Specific Telehealth Nursing Services
Mary H. Vinson Rex McCallum Deirdre K. Thornlow MOlY T. Champagne
 
Association between periodontal disease and stroke
George S. Sfyroeras, MD, PhD,a Nikolaos Roussas, MD,b Vassileios G. Saleptsis, MD,b Christos Argyriou, MD,b and Athanasios D. Giannoukas, MSc, MD, PhD, FEBVS,b Athens and Larissa, Greece
Objective:
Periodontitis is a very common human infection. There is evidence that periodontitis is associated with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and stroke. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between periodontal disease and CVD in observational studies. Method: An electronic search of the English literature using PubMed was conducted. A meta-analysis of the studies reporting on the risk of stroke in patients with periodontitis was performed. Results: Six prospective and seven retrospective studies met the inclusion criteria. Patients with both hemorrhagic and ischemic cerebrovascular events, fatal and nonfatal, were included. Definition of periodontitis was taken directly from included studies. Most studies have been adjusted for common cardiovascular risk factors. Separate statistical analysis was performed for prospective and retrospective studies. Overall adjusted risk of stroke in subjects with periodontitis was 1.47 times higher than in subjects without (95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.92;P  .0035) in prospective and 2.63 times (95% confidence interval, 1.59-4.33;P  .0002) in retrospective studies. The application of the trim and fill algorithm does not change the initial significant inference. Conclusions: There is evidence that periodontitis is associated with increased risk of stroke. However, the results of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution because of the heterogeneity of the studies as well as the differences in periodontitis definition.
 
Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques for Coronary Disease in Women
Eleni Vavas, MD; Susie N. Hong, MD; Stacey E. Rosen, MD; Jennifer H. Mieres, MD Department of Cardiology, Hofstra North 5hore·lIJ School of Medicine (Vavas, Rosen, Mieres), Manhasset, New York; Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Hong), Boston, Massachusetts
Abstract:
Significant advances in medical treatment, medical technology, and the focus on sex-specific research have contributed to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality in women. Despite these advances, coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of cardiovascular death of women in the Western world. In the past 2 decades, the focused research on women at risk for CAD has helped to clarify our underslanding of some of the sex-specific factors that are important in the detection of CAD. In women, the detection and evaluation of physiologically significant CAD can be challenging. Many of the traditional tests that are designed to detect focal areas of coronary artery stenosis are less sensitive and specific in female patients, who have a greater burden of symptoms, higher atherosclerotic burden, and lower prevalence of obstructive coronary disease. In this article, we review the available evidence on the role of contemporary noninvasive diagnostic techniques in the evaluation of women with symptoms of CAD.
 
The multiple facets of periostin in bone metabolism
B. Merle· P. Garnero
Abstract
Peliostin is a matricellular glutamate-containing protein expressed dwing ontogenesis and in adult connective tissues submitted to mechanical strains including bone and, more specifically, the periosteum, periodontal ligaments, tendons, heart valves, or skin. It is also expressed in neoplastic tissues, cardiovascular and fibrotic diseases, and during wound repair. Its biological functions are extensively investigated in fields such as cardiovascular physiology or oncology. Despite its initial identification in bone, investigations of periostin functions in bone-related physiopathology are less abundant. Recently, several studies have analyzed the potential role of periostin in bone biology and suggest that periostin may be an important regulator ofbone fOffilation. The aim of this article is to provide all extensive review on the implications of periostin in bone biology and its potential use in benign and metabolic bone diseases.
 
Prevalence of Potentially Preventable Unplanned Hospitalizations Caused by Therapeutic Failures and Adverse Drug Withdrawal Events Among Older Veterans
Zachary A. Marcum,1,2,3 Mary Jo V. Pugh,4,S,6 Megan E. Amuan,7 Shenie L. Aspinall,J,8,9 Steven M. Handler,I,2,lO Cluistine M. Ruby,I,S and Joseph T. Hanlonl,2,J,8
 
Efficacy and Tolerability of Aripiprazole: A 26-Week Switching Study from Oral Antipsychotics
Jung-Sun Lee1, Seockhoon Chung1, Joon-Noh Lee2, Jun Soo Kwon3, Do Hoon Kim4, Chul Eung Kim5, Kang Seob Oh6, Yang-Whan Jeon7, Min-Soo Lee8, Myung Ho Lim9, Hye-Ryein Chang10 and Chang Yoon Kim1
 
THE CEYLON MEDICAL JOURNAL
Established 1887 The Official Publication of the Sri Lanka Medical Association Volume 51, No.2, December 2006 Quarterly ISSN 0009-0875
Coconut fats Abstract:
 In many areas of Sri Lanka the coconut tree and its products have for C€ln~ turies been an Integral part of life, and it has come to be called the "Tree of life". However, in the last few decades, the relationship between coconut fats and health has been the subject of much debate and misinformation. Coconut fats account for 80% of the fat Intake among Sri Lankans. Around 92% of these fats are saturated fats. This has lead to the belief that coconut fats are 'bad for health', particularly in relation to ischaemic heart disease. Yet most of the saturated fats in coconut are medium chain fatty acids whose properties and metabolism are different to those of animal origin. Medium chain fatty acids do not undergo degradation and re-esterification processes and are directly used in the body to produce energy. They are not as 'bad for health' as saturated fats. There is the need to clarify issues relating to intake of coconut fats and health, more particularly for populations that still depend on coconut fats for much of their fat intake. This paper describes the metabolism of coconut fats and its potentiai benefits, and attempts to highlight its benefits to remove certain misconceptions regarding its use.
 
DOROTHY C. WERTZ
Eugenics Is Alive and Well: A Survey of Genetic Professionals around the WorId
 
Severe Hypermagnesemia as a Result of Excessive Cathartic Ingestion in a Child Without Renal Failure
Ebru Kutsal, MD,* CumhurAydemir, MD,* NUufer Eldes, MD,* Fatma Demirel, MD,* Recep Polat, MD,* Ozan Taspznar, MD,* and Eyup Kulah, MD
Abstract:
A 14-year.old girl was referred to our hospital with lethargy and hypotension and was found to have a serum magnesium level of 14.9 mg/dl after having received an magnesium hydroxide (Magnesia Calcinee) for 7 days because of constipation. She was lethargic, her blood pressure was 70/40 mm Hg, and electrocardiogram revealed prolonged corrected QT interval and first·degree atrioventricular block. She has no renal dysfunction. Emergency hemodialysis after her condition ameliorated, her serum magnesium levels returned to nannal. The present case suggests that massive oral magnesiwn ingestion with severe constipation and ileus may result severe hypermagnesemia without renal dysfunction. Key 'Yards: hypermagnesemia, toxicity, magnesium hydroxide, dysrhythmias Hypennagnesemia is a rare condition which usually iatrogenic; occurring, for example, after intravenous magnesium (Mg) administration, oral ingestion of Mgcontaining antacids or cathartics, or procedure-related retroperitoneal or peritoneal leakage of Mg-containing preparations. Hypennagnesemia after oral administration commonly occurs in older age groups with the presence of renal failure. 1 However, rare cases have been reported symptomatic hypennagnesemia without renal failure. 1 ,2 Initial symptoms of hypennagnesemia, such as nausea, vomiting, and weakness, are nonspecific and can progress rapidly to respiratOly depression, hypotension, cardiac arrest, and death. 1 Here, we report a child who developed severe hypennagnesemia as a result of ingestion of a excessive oral Mg-containing cathartics.
 
 Evaluation of a technique for blind placement of post-PYloric feeding tubes in intensive care: application in patients with gastric ileus
Andrew J. Lee Richard Eve Mark J. Bennett
Abstract Objective
To evaluate a blind 'active' technique for the bedside placement of post-pyloric enteral feeding tubes in a critically ill population with proven gasttic ileus. Design and setting: An open study to evaluate the success rate and duration of the technique in cardiothoracic and general intensive care units of a tertiary referral hospital. Patients: 20 consecutive, ventilated patients requiring enteral nutrition, where feeding had failed via the gastric route. Interventions: Previously described insertion technique-the Corpak 10-10-10 protocol-for post-pyloric enteral feeding tube placement, modified after 20 min if placement had not been achieved, by insufflation of air inlo the stomach to promote pyloric opening. Measurements and results: A standard protocol and a set method to identify final tube position were used in each case. In 90% (18120) of cases tubes were placed on the first attempt, with an additional tube being successfully placed on the second attempt. The median time for tube placement was 18 min (range 3-55 min). In 20% (4120) insufflation of air was required to aid trans-pyloric passage. Conclusions: The previously described technique, modified by insufflation of air into the stomach in prolonged attempts to achieve trans-pylotic passage, proved to be an effective and cost efficient method to place post-pyloric enteral feeding tubes. This technique, even in the presence of gastric ileus, could be incorporated by all critical care facilities, without the need for any additional equipment or costs. This approach avoids the costs of additional equipment, time-delays and necessity to transfer the patient from the ICU for the more traditional techniques of endoscopy and radiographic screening. Keywords Enteral, nutrition . Critical care· Jejunum
 
 PROLONGED COLONIC PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION (OGILVIE SYNDROME) IN AN OLDER WOMAN RESOLVED WITH CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT
Journal of the American Geriatries Society - Volume 44, Issue 8 (August 1996) - Copyright© 1996 American Geriatrics Society
 
 Biofeedback defaecation training for anismus
B. Lestitr, F. Penninckx and R. Kerremans
Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Clinic Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Accepted: 3 June 1991
Abstract
 Anismus, paradoxical external sphincter function, spastic pelvic floor syndrome, rectoanal dysnergia, abdomino-Ievator incoordination for abdominopelvic asychronism, are all due to paradoxical contraction of the striated sphincter apparatus during voiding and is characterised by prolonged and excessive straining at stool. Biofeedback is the treatment of choice and has to be introduced at an early stage. We present the results of an ambUlatory approach based on the integration ofsimulated balloon defaecation with small (50 ml) as well as constant rectal sensation volume, defaecometry and anal manometry. The pathophysiology visualised by the patient's own anorectal pressure recordings on the screen of a personal computer is explained and corrected. Sixteen patients were treated and followed for at least 1 year. Manometric data were normal except for an increased minimum residual pressure and rectal compliance. Nine patients could not evacuate a 50 ml bolus initially. Simulated defaecation became possible in seven out of these nine patients when the bolus was increased up to thc individual constant rectal sensation volume. 1\vo patients could not evacuate this volume either, while defaecation was made much less laborious in the other seven patients. Paradoxical contraction was immediately corrected in 7/16 cases. Also, as an immediate, objective benefit of a single training session, improved defaecation of a 50 ml bolus was observed in 11 patients. This effect was preserved after 6 weeks in nine cases; symptomatic recurrence did not occur in these patients during followup. This method ofdefaecation training has many advantages as compared with sphincter training using EMG electrodes eventually performed in the absence of a desire to defaecate or in lying position. It does not work, however, in all patients, especially in those with a "blind" rectum. Defaecometry is a valuable tool for the objective assessment of therapeutic effectiveness in patients with anismus.
 
 The efficacy of treatment of patients with severe constipation or recurrent pseudo-obstruction with pyridostigmine
C. J. O'Dea, S. J. H. Brookes and D. A. Wattchow Departments of Surgay ilrId of Human Phys!ology, Ainder'S Medical Centre and Alnders Univer"Sity, Bedford Pari<, South Australia
Abstract
Objective Disorders of colomc motility. such as severe constipation and pseudo-obstmction, remain difficult to treat. The pathophysiology of these conditions is not compie tel}' understood, but previous studies suggest a deficienC)' of cholinergic innervation and an imb.lla.nce in autonomic regulation of colonic motor function as contributing factors. Therefore, increasing the availability of acetylcholine in the bowd wall with a cholinesterase inhibitor, such as pyridostigmine) may improve symptoms. Method We studied thirteen patients with severe constipation (slow transit type) or recurrent pseudo·obstmc· tion. The six patients with slow transit constipation had mechanical obstruction and peh~c floor dysfunction excluded, and normal calibre colon and slow transit confirmed, These patients were offercd pyridostigmine in an attempt to avoid surgery. The seven patients with pseudo-obstmction had dilated bowel on imaging, and mechanical obstmction was excluded. These patients received p}'ridostigmine whcn symptoms recurred, despite pre\~ous treatments. Pyridostigmine was initiated at 10 mg b.i.d. and increased if required. Results One of the SLX patients \\~th slow transit constipation reported impro\'ement of s}'mpmms and had concurrentl}' weaned anti-ps}'chotic medications. P}'ridostigmine was ceased in the remaining five patients due to lack of efficacy and/or side effects. Four patients proceeded to surgery for rcfractory symptoms. All seven paticnts \\~th pseudo-obstruction had some improvcment ofsymptollls with few side eftccts. Ofthese, two later had surgery for recurrent symptoms. Conclusion In patients \\~th slow transit constipation) treatment with pyridostigminc does not improve symptoms. However, it does improve symptoms in patients \\~th recurrent pseudo-obstruction \\~th few side effects, offering an extra treatment option for these patients.
 
 Review
Clinical review: Major consequences of illicit drug consumption
Robert J Devlin1 and John A Henry2
1Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
2Department of Emergency Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, UK
 
 Widespread suppression of huntingtin with convection-enhanced delivery of Sirna
David K. Stiles a, Zhiming Zhang b, Pei Ge c, Brian Nelson a, Richard Grondin b, Yi Ai b, Peter Hardy b, Peter T. Nelson d, Andrei P. Guzaev e, Mark T. Butt f, Klaus Charisse c, Verbena Kosovrasti c, Lubomir Tchangov c, Michael Meys c, Martin Maier c, Lubomir Nechev c, Muthiah Manoharan c, William F. Kaemmerer a, Douglas Gwost a, Gregory R. Stewart a, Don M. Gash b, Dinah W.Y. Sah c
 
 Short-Term teriparatide therapy as an adjuntcive modality for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws
Y.D, Kwon, D.W. Lee, b.K. Choi, J.W. Lee, D.Y. Kim
Abstract
Summmy To review the effect of tetiparatide as an adjunctive modality for bisphosphonate·related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ), we describe a series of cases ofteliparatide therapy for the treatment of BRONJ and selial changes of serum osteoclacin (s-OC) and serum C-terminal telopep· tide cross-link of type I collagen (s-CTX). Introduction Management of BRONJ is quite challenging and the currently recommended modalities for BRONJ are still suboptimaL For the improvement of bony remodeling, some clinicians advocated bisphosphonate holiday although validity of this drug holiday has been debated so far. Re· cently, the use of teriparatide was introduced in several cases, but the number of the publication is limited and mostly anecdotal so far. Method Bisphosphonate was suspended and teriparatide was given to six patients diagnosed with BRONJ by single bone specialist. Medical record review and interviews were canied out. S-ClX and s-OC were measured at the baseline, 2 months and 3 months later teliparatide therapy. The outcome of the treatment and the change of biochemical markers were compared. Result In all six patients, s-OC values were significantly elevated within 2 months after teriparatide treatment and the BRONJ lesions were healed. S-CTX values were also elevated in four patients, whereas those of the rest two patients stayed within minimal change. The change was marginally significant at 3 months. Conclusion In terms of the multifactorial etiology of BRONJ, bone formation suppression was noticed in the patients. Based upon this finding, the short-term use of teriparatide might be beueficial to the resolution of BRONJ lesions by improving suppressed bone remodeling.
 
 Perioperative management of a parturient with hyponatraemia due to carbamazepine therapy
C. Staikou, A. Mani, G. Petropoulos
 
 Hum Gene Ther
San Sebastian W., Richardson RM. Kells AP, Lamarre C, Bringas J, Piviroto P, Aguilar Salegio EA, Dea.
 
 Genome-Wide Analyses Identify Recurrent Amplifications of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Cell-Cycle Regulatory Genes in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma
Barbara S. Paugh, Alberto Broniscer, Chunxu Qu, Claudia P. Miller, Junyuan Zhang, Ruth G. Tatevossian, James M. Olson, J. Russell Geyer, Susan N. Chi, Nasjla Saba da Silva, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Justin N. Baker, Amar Gajjar, David W. Ellison, and Suzanne J. Baker
 
 Critical Oncogenic Mutations in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma
Jacques Grill, MD, PhD, Stephanie Puget, MD PhD, Felipe Andreiuolo, MD, Cathy Philippe, Laura MacConaill, PhD, and Mark W. Kieran, MD, PhD.
 
 A phase I trial of carboplatin administered by convection-enhanced delivery to patients with recurrent/progressive glioblastoma multiforme.
Edward White a,b, Alison Bienemann b, Hannah Taylor b, Kirsten Hopkins c, Alison Cameron c, Steven Gill a,b
 
 A phase 2 study of pegylated interferon 945-2b (PEG-Intron) children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.
Warren K, Bent R, Wolters PL, Prager A, Hanson R, Packer R, Shih J, Camphausen K.
 
 Smooth muscle dysfunction occurs independently of impaired endothelium-dependent dilation in adults at risk of atherosclerosis
Mark R. Adams, Jacqui Robinson, Robyn McCredie, J. Paul Seale, Keld E. Sorensen, John E. Deanfield, and David S. Celermajer J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1998;32;123-127
This information is current as of December 16, 2011
 
 Non-invasive measurement of human endothelium dependent arterial responses: accuracy and reproducibility
Keld E Sorensen, David S Celermajer, David J Spiegelhalter, Dimitri Georgakopoulos, Jacqui Robinson, Odette Thomas, John E Deanfield
Abstract Objective
To assess a non-invasive test for endothelial dysfunction, an important early event in the atherogenic process. Methods-Using high resolution ultrasound, the accuracy of detecting small changes in vessel diameter was assessed using phantom "arteries", and the same equipment was then used to measure flow mediated dilatation in the brachial artery of 40 healthy adults aged 22-51 years, studied on four occasions; intervals between scans were 1-2 days, 1-2 weeks, and 2-4 months. Results-Differences between pairs of phantom "arteries" with diameters 0-1-0'2 mm apart were correctly estimated in 162 of 264 cases (61%); no measurement by any of four independent observers was > 041 mm in error, and the mean error was 0*04 mm. For in vivo scans, the overall coefficient of variation for flow mediated dilatation was 1-8% (1.6% for women, 1-9% for men, P = 0.18). In 34/40 subjects (85%), all values for flow mediated dilatation were within 2-5% of the overall mean for each subject. A nested analysis of variance showed the expected between patient variability, and also significant day to day variation, but little between weeks or months. Using these data to generate power function analyses, we calculated that for individuals, an improvement in flow mediated dilatation of 4-8% is significantly greater than natural variability. In clinical trials, a mean improvement in flow mediated dilatation of at least 2% would usually be required to detect a treatment benefit, with much larger subject numbers needed for a parallel group compared to a crossover trial design. Conclusions-Vascular responses to endothelium dependent and independent stimuli in systemic arteries can be studied non-invasively in man. Subjects should be studied on at least two occasions before and after any intervention, to optimise the chance of showing a significant effect from any potentially beneficial therapy.
 
 Impairment of Endothelium-dependent Dilation Is an Early Event in Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Is Related to the Lipoprotein (a) Level
Keld E. Sorensen,  David S. Celermajer,  Dimitri Georgakopoulos, Geoffrey Hatcher, D. John Betteridge, and John E. Deanfield
 
 Endothelium-Dependent Dilation in the Systemic Arteries of Asymptomatic Subjects Relates to Coronary Risk Factors and Their Interaction
DAVID S. CELERMAJER, PHD, FRACP, KELD E. SORENSEN, MD, CATHERINE BULL, MD, BCHIR, FRCP, JACQUI ROBINSON, RN, JOHN E. DEANFIELD, MB, BCwn, FRCP
 
 Differences in the Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Endothelial Function in Chinese and White Adults
Kam S. Woo, MB, BS, MD, FRACP; Jacqui T.C. Robinson, RN; Ping Chook, MPhil, MD; Mark R. Adams, MBBS, FRACP; Gabriel Yip, MB, ChB, MRCP; Z.J. Mai, MD; Chris W.K. Lam, PhD; Keld E. Sorensen, MD; John E. Deanfield, MB, ChB, FRCP; and David S. Celermajer, MB, BS, PhD, FRACP
 
 Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults
DS Celermajer, KE Sorensen, D Georgakopoulos, C Bull, O Thomas, J Robinson and JE Deanfield
 
 Arterial reactivity is significantly impaired in normotensive young adults after successful repair of aortic coarctation in childhood
HM Gardiner, DS Celermajer, KE Sorensen, D Georgakopoulos, J Robinson, O Thomas and JE Deanfield 1994
 
 Aging Is Associated With Endothelial Dysfunction in Healthy Years Before the Age-Related Decline in Women
David S. Celermajer, PhD, FRACP, Keld E. Sorensen, MD. David J. Spiegelhalter, PhD, Dimitri Georgakopoulos, MD. Jacqui Robinson, RN, John E. Deanfield, MB. BChir, FRCP
 
 Vitamin E and Prostate Cancer: Research Focus Turns to Biologic Mechanisms
By Caroline McNell
 
 The national health system: future possibilities for the clinical laboratory
Nicola Pansini
Abstract Background:
The heavy burden of the costs of medical care has brought changes in the public health policy. The changes are partly related to the health management factors, but several cultural, social and environmental factors have also had a significant impact on healthcare. The role of the laboratory is now considered amidst changes that have occurred in the American health model (free-trader) and in the European–Canadian model (universalistic). Moreover, costs and clinical decision-making in laboratories in Italy have also changed in response to the new focus on the pre- and post-analytical phases of the testing process. Methods: In the present study, we used the Laboratory Information System (LIS) to evaluate whether the time involved in stages in the turnaround time (TAT) (admission, performance of tests, validation and decision-making for treatment) were reduced following improvements made to the laboratory organization and management of the pre-analytical and post-analytical phases. In particular, an analysis was made of laboratory testing for myocardial markers in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Results: TAT for myocardial markers in an emergency setting was reduced by 30% following changes made in the laboratory organization and in the management of the pre-analytical and post-analytical phases of the testing process. Conclusions: Thanks to changes in healthcare service/system in Italy, laboratory services will now play a crucial role in cultural and socioeconomic changes, particularly where testing processes and techniques are concerned. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

 

 Vitamin E and prostate cancer- what is the real risk?

 

 Research Article
New Aspects in the Differential Diagnosis and Therapy of Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis

Jochen Neuhaus,1 Thilo Schwalenberg,1 Lars-Christian Horn,2 Henry Alexander,3 and Jens-Uwe Stolzenburg1

 

 Contemporary Management of the Painful Bladder: A Systematic Review
Antonella Giannantoni a, Vittorio Bini b, Roger Dmochowski c, Philip Hanno d, J. Curtis Nickel e, Silvia Proietti a, Jean Jacques Wyndaele

Abstract
Context: Different types of behavioural, dietary, interventional, pharmacologic, and surgical therapies have been used to treat painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC). Because of the paucity of randomised placebo-controlled studies on different treatments, an evidence-based management approach has not yet been developed. Objective: To critically review and synthesize data from a wide range of current therapeutic approaches to PBS/IC, to quantify the effect size from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and to reach clinical agreement on the efficacy of treatments for PBS/IC. Evidence acquisition: We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify articles published between 1990 and September 2010 on the management of PBS/IC. We included articles restricted to the English language published since 1990 to date that reported on oral and intravesical treatment, multimodal or combined treatment, and surgical treatment. For all RCTs, standardised mean differences (SMDs) were extracted and combined in a meta-analysis applying a random-effect model that incorporated the heterogeneity of effects. The four outcomes assessed in all studies were a change in the Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index (ICSI), pain, urgency, and frequency. Non-RCTs (nRCTs) were analysed with a narrative synthesis of the evidence from all research designs. Evidence synthesis: We included 7709 adult patients from 29 RCTs and 57 nRCTs. Metaanalysis of RCTs showed that only cyclosporine A provided a simultaneous great effect size of SMD on ICSI, pain, and frequency. Amitriptyline at different dosages showed a great effect size of SMD on pain and urgency or on ICSI and frequency. The remaining RCTs showed sporadic significant changes in only one of the four considered parameters. The attributed levels of evidence for treatments reported in RCTs were 1b; grades of recommendations ranged from A to C. According to the Jadad score, 11 RCTs were highquality studies. Meta-analysis of RCTs showed a great heterogeneity in the applied methodologies, clinical outcomes assessed, and the obtained results in different studies. The results from the nRCTs showed that the most frequently adopted treatment is oral pentosan polysulfate and that the use of botulinum A toxin intradetrusorial injections in PBS/IC is increasing. A high heterogeneity in drugs and treatment modalities, clinical outcomes, and obtained results was also found for nRCTs. Conclusions: Limited evidence exists for the few treatments for PBS/IC. The lack of definitive conclusions is due to the great heterogeneity in methodology, symptoms assessment, duration of treatment, and follow-up in both RCTs and nRCTs. # 2011 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

 

 Steroid 5a-Reductase as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Schizophrenia and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorder
Silvia Paba, Roberto Frau, Sean C. Godar, Paola Devoto, Francesco Marrosu and Marco Bortolato

 

 Urine culture doubtful in determining etiology of diffuse symptoms among elderly individuals: a cross-sectional study of 32 nursing homes
Pär-Daniel Sundvall1, Peter Ulleryd and Ronny K Gunnarsson

Abstract Background:
The high prevalence of bacteriuria in elderly individuals makes it difficult to know if a new symptom is related to bacteria in the urine. There are different views concerning this relationship and bacteriuria often leads to antibiotic treatments. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between bacteria in the urine and new or increased restlessness, fatigue, confusion, aggressiveness, not being herself/himself, dysuria, urgency and fever in individuals at nursing homes for elderly when statistically considering the high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in this population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study symptoms were registered and voided urine specimens were collected for urinary cultures from 651 elderly individuals. Logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the statistical correlation between bacteriuria and presence of a symptom at group level. To estimate the clinical relevance of statistical correlations at group level positive and negative etiological predictive values (EPV) were calculated. Results: Logistic regression indicated some correlations at group level. Aside from Escherichia coli in the urine and not being herself/himself existing at least one month, but less than three months, EPV indicated no clinically useful correlation between any symptoms in this study and findings of bacteriuria. Conclusions: Urinary cultures provide little or no useful information when evaluating diffuse symptoms among elderly residents of nursing homes. Either common urinary tract pathogens are irrelevant, or urine culture is an inappropriate test. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infections, Homes for the Aged, Nursing Homes, Bacteriuria, Predictive Value of Tests

 

 Unnecessary use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in hospitalized patients
Nicole L Werner1, Michelle T Hecker2, Ajay K Sethi3 and Curtis J Donskey4

Abstract Background:
Fluoroquinolones are among the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials and are an important risk factor for colonization and infection with fluoroquinolone-resistant gram-negative bacilli and for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). In this study, our aim was to determine current patterns of inappropriate fluoroquinolone prescribing among hospitalized patients, and to test the hypothesis that longer than necessary treatment durations account for a significant proportion of unnecessary fluoroquinolone use. Methods: We conducted a 6-week prospective, observational study to determine the frequency of, reasons for, and adverse effects associated with unnecessary fluoroquinolone use in a tertiary-care academic medical center. For randomly-selected adult inpatients receiving fluoroquinolones, therapy was determined to be necessary or unnecessary based on published guidelines or standard principles of infectious diseases. Adverse effects were determined based on chart review 6 weeks after completion of therapy. Results: Of 1,773 days of fluoroquinolone therapy, 690 (39%) were deemed unnecessary. The most common reasons for unnecessary therapy included administration of antimicrobials for non-infectious or non-bacterial syndromes (292 days-of-therapy) and administration of antimicrobials for longer than necessary durations (234 days-of-therapy). The most common syndrome associated with unnecessary therapy was urinary tract infection or asymptomatic bacteriuria (30% of all unnecessary days-of-therapy). Twenty-seven percent (60/227) of regimens were associated with adverse effects possibly attributable to therapy, including gastrointestinal adverse effects (14% of regimens), colonization by resistant pathogens (8% of regimens), and CDI (4% of regimens). Conclusions: In our institution, 39% of all days of fluoroquinolone therapy were unnecessary. Interventions that focus on improving adherence with current guidelines for duration of antimicrobial therapy and for management of urinary syndromes could significantly reduce overuse of fluoroquinolones.

 

 Clinical trial: lubiprostone in patients with constipationassociated irritable bowel syndrome – results of two randomized, placebo-controlled studies
D. A. DROSSMAN, W. D. CHEY, J. F. JOHANSON, R. FASS, C. SCOTT, R. PANAS Et R. UENO

 

 Abnormal urinalysis finding triggered antibiotic prescription for asymptomatic bacteriuria in the ED

 

 Finasteride Treatment of Hair Loss in Women
Stephen M. Stout and Janice L. Stumpf

 

 Predicting outcome of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas using multiparametric imaging
Sean J. Hipp, Emilie Steffen-Smith, Dima Hammoud, Joanna H. Shih, Robyn Bent, and Katherine E. Warren

 

 Potential Role for Valproate in the Treatment of High-Risk Brain Tumors of Childhood - Results from a Retrospective Observational Cohort Sudy
Francisco Helder Cavalcante Felix, Nadia Mendonga Trompieri, Orlandira Leite de Araujo, Farine Martins da Trindade, and Juvenia Bezerra Fontenele

 

 Choice of Antihypertensive Treatment in Subjects with Pre-Diabetes, Is There a Dream After the Navigator
Ioanna Eleftheriadou, Costas Tsioufis, Dimitrios Tsiachris, Nicholas Tentolouris and Christodoulos Stefanadis

 

 The efficacy and safety study of dietary supplement PURIAM110 on non-insulin taking Korean adults in the stage of pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus: protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and multicenter trial-pilot study
Sunju Park1, Jeong-Su Park1, Hoyeon Go2, Bo-Hyoung Jang3, Yongcheol Shin1, Seong-Gyu Ko1*

Abstract
Background: Diabetes has already become a threat to the nation and the individual due to its high prevalence rates and high medical expenses. Therefore, preventing diabetes at an earlier stage is very important. Despite advances in antidiabetic agents, we have not yet achieved any satisfying results in treating diabetes. Among various treatments, medicinal herbs and supplements for diabetes are reported to show generally good efficacy and safety data. In particular, PURIAM110, a compound from orange fruits and mulberry leaves, is supposed to prevent the progress of type II diabetes mellitus and improve diabetic symptoms. This is the first reported pilot study about the protective effect of the orange fruits and mulberry leaves mixture against pre-diabetes on Korean adults. Based on these positive results of herb-derived components, extended studies of dietary supplements have to be done to suggest confirmative evidences. Methods/Design: The efficacy and safety study of PURIAM110 is a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, and multi-center clinical trial. A total of 45 subjects will participate in this study for 6 weeks. Discussion: The present protocol will confirm the efficacy and safety of PURIAM110 for pre-diabetes, suggesting more basic knowledge to conduct further randomized controlled trials (RCT). In addition, PURIAM110 can be an alternative dietary supplemental remedy for diabetes patients. Trial Registration: ISRCTN: ISRCTN44779824

 

 Screening for Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes With Proposed A1C-Based Diagnostic Criteria
DARIN E. OLSON, MD, PHD 1,2 MARY K. RHEE, MD 2 KIRSTEN HERRICK, MSC 3 DAVID C. ZIEMER, MD 2 JENNIFER G. TWOMBLY, MD, PHD 1,2 LAWRENCE S. PHILLIPS, MD 1,2

 

 Screening Adults for Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes May Be Cost-Saving
RANEE CHATTERJEE, MD, MPH K.M. VENKAT NARAYAN, MD, MSC, MBA JOSEPH LIPSCOMB, PHD LAWRENCE S,  PHILLIPS, MD

 

 Psychology and Health.
Can the onset of type 2 diabetes be delayed by a group-based lifestyle intervention? A randomised control trial.

Susan M. Moore, Elizabeth A. Hardie, Naomi J. Hackworth, Christine R. Critchley, Michael Kyrios,  Simone A.  Buzwell, and Naomi A. Crafti.

 

 Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Nondiabetic U.S. Adults
AMRITA KARVE, BS RODNEY A. HAYWARD, MD

 

 Pre-Diabetes and the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease A Systematic Review of the Evidence
Earl S. Ford, MD, MPH, Guixiang Zhao, MD, PHD, Chaoyang Li, MD, PHD Atlanta, Georgia

 

 Genomic Aberrations in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas
Katherine E. Warren, Keith Killian, Mila Suuriniemi, Yonghong Wang, Martha Quezado, and Paul S. Meltzer

 

 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN NONDIABETIC AND PREDIABETIC POPULATION : A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS
NIVEDITA NANDA1, SANAT KUMAR SEN1, MARK C. AROKIARAJ 2, SRIPRADHA R.1, ROMA R.1 AND KIRAN PATTEGAR 3 Departments of 1Biochemistry, 2Cardiology and 3Physiology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Pondicherry – 605 014

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the important risk factors for cardiac diseases. Type 2 DM is the commonest form of diabetes, which is characterized by insulin resistance. Insulin resistance can be preceded by long term abnormality in glucose homeostasis which is called pre-diabetes. Recently, pre-diabetes has been suggested to have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Considering that India has been declared as a diabetic capital of the world it deemed pertinent to assess the exact load of pre diabetics and non diabetics landing in myocardial infarction. We analyzed retrospectively the data of all patients admitted for the first time for acute myocardial infarction (MI) and evaluated the load of non diabetics, pre diabetics and diabetics among them. We found difference in the severity of diseases and degree of biochemical alterations among the three groups suggesting that abnormal glucose homeostasis has no role on the severity of MI. No previous studies have investigated the difference in male and female MI patients with respect to their glucose metabolism and its impact on the severity of the disease. Our study reveals that males even with normal glucose level are at increased risk to develop MI. Males on the other hand have increased risk for MI when compared to females with normal glucose homeostasis.

 

Commentary
 Medicinal prevention of pre-diabetes-no purpose?

 

 Diet, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Older Chinese Americans Living in New York City.
Sally S. Wong, L. Beth Dixon, Judith A. Gilbride, Warren W. Chin, Tak W. Kwan

 

 DIABRISK - SL Prevention of cardio-metabolic disease with life style modification in young urban Sri Lankan’s - study protocol for a
randomized controlled trial

Mahen Wijesuriya1, Mart in Gulliford2, Laksha Vasantharajah1, Giancarlo Viberti3, Luigi Gnudi3 and Janaka Karalliedde3*

Abstract
Background: Urban South-Asian’s are predisposed to early onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is an urgent need for country specific primary prevention strategies to address the growing burden of cardio-metabolic disease in this population. The aim of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether intensive (3-monthly) lifestyle modification advice is superior to a less-intensive (12 monthly; control group) lifestyle modification advice on a primary composite cardio-metabolic end point in ‘at risk’ urban subjects aged between 5-40 years. Methods/Design: This is an open randomised controlled parallel group clinical trial performed at a single centre in Colombo, Sri-Lanka. A cluster sampling strategy was used to select a large representative sample of subjects aged between 5-40 years at high risk of T2DM and CVD for the intervention study. We have screened 23,298 (males 47% females 53%) healthy subjects for four risk factors: obesity, elevated waist circumference, family history of diabetes and physical inactivity, using a questionnaire and anthropometry. Those with two or more risk-factors were recruited to the intervention trial. We aim to recruit 4600 subjects for the intervention trial. The primary composite cardio-metabolic end point is; new onset T2DM, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glycaemia, new onset hypertension and albuminuria, following 5 years of intervention. The effect of the intervention on pre-specified secondary endpoints will also be evaluated. The study will be conducted according to good clinical and ethical practice, data analysis and reporting guidelines. Discussion: DIABRISK-SL is a large population based trial to evaluate the prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and cardio-metabolic risk factors among young urban Sri-Lankans and the effect of a primary prevention strategy on cardio-metabolic disease end points. This work will enable country specific and regional cardio-metabolic risk scores to be derived. Further if the proposed intervention is successful the results of this study can be translated and implemented as a low-cost primary prevention tool in Sri-Lanka and other low/middle income developing countries. Trial registration: The trial is registered with the World Health Organisation and Sri-Lanka clinical trial registry number SLCTR/2008/003

 

 A cardiovascular disease risk factor screening program designed to reach rural residents of Maine, USA
DE Harris1, L Hamel2, A-M Aboueissa3, D Johnson4

1School of Nursing, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, USA
2Distance Education, Nursing, Saint Joseph’s College of Maine, Standish, Maine, USA
3Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, USA

A B S T R A C T
Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in many countries and a particular burden to rural communities. Hypertension and diabetes are risk factors for cardiovascular disease, but screening for them is suboptimal, particularly in rural settings. Thus screening programs targeting rural dwellers may be important. This article reports the findings of a blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose screening program conducted from a mobile van that visited community events including agricultural fairs across Maine, USA to bring screening to rural Mainers. The study objectives were to determine: (1) if the screening program was successful at reaching rural Mainers; (2) if rural screenees had a different risk of hypertension or diabetes compared with non-rural screenees; and (3) what characteristics of a community event predict that a screening conducted at that event will reach a high fraction of rural residents. Methods: The van visited events from 2006-2009 conducting voluntary BP and blood glucose screenings. Results were analyzed by the rurality of the town of residence of the screenees, the rurality of location of the screening event, and the type of screening event (agricultural fair vs other). Systolic BP of 140 mmHg or greater or diastolic BP of 90 mmHg or greater was considered to be hypertension, and systolic BP of 120–139 mmHg or diastolic BP 80–89 mmHg as pre-hypertension. Blood glucose of 140– 199 mg/dL was considered to be pre-diabetes and blood glucose of 200 mg/dL or greater as diabetes. Rurality was divided into urban, sub-urban, large rural town, and small rural town/ isolated rural based on Rural Urban Commuting Codes (RUCAs), assigned by zip code. Mean BP and blood glucose values were compared across residence rurality categories by ANOVA, the distribution of screening values into normal/ abnormal categories was compared across residence rurality categories by 2 test, and the impact of type and rurality of location of screening event on the residence of screenees was assessed with analysis by regression with categorical variables. Results: Over 4 years, 2451 Mainers from 254 towns were screened at 42 events located in 28 towns. Seventy-six percent of screenees lived in rural areas and screenees were more likely to live in rural areas compared with all Maine residents (p<0.001). Rurality of residence impacted hypertension risk (p=0.001) but not diabetes risk. Screenees from large rural towns had the highest mean systolic BPs and rural-dwellers had higher hypertension or pre-hypertension risk compared with urban/ sub-urban dwellers. Conducting screenings at agricultural fairs (p=0.003) and in rural areas (p=0.001) were independent predictors of attracting more rural screenees. Conclusions: Holding cardiovascular risk factor screenings in locations that are culturally appropriate and geographically convenient for an at-risk population are common approaches; however, their effectiveness is seldom tested. The results show that both the type of event at which the screening is conducted and the rurality of location of that event help attract rural screenees, and that it is possible for a screening program to reach a population significantly more rural than the population of the state and one that has an elevated hypertension risk.

 

 The clinical challenge of SIADH—three cases
Nils van der Lubbe1, Christopher J. Thompson2, Robert Zietse1 and Ewout J. Hoorn1
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and 2Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

 

 The pre-diabetes Risk Education and Physical Activity Recommendation and Encouragement (PREPARE) programme study: are improvements in glucose regulation sustained at 2 years?
T. Yates, M. J. Davies, S. Sehmi, T. Gorely and K. Khunti

 

 Regression to normoglycaemia by fenofibrate in pre-diabetic subjects complicated with hypertriglyceridaemia: a prospective randomized controlled trial.
Q. Wan, F. Wang, F.Wang, Q. Guan, Y. Liu, C. Wang, L. Feng, G. Gao, I. Gao and J. Zhao

 

Exercise prescription for patients with type 2diabetes and pre-diabetes: A position statement from exercise and sports cience Australia
Matthew D. Hordern a,b,c, David W. Dunstan g,  Johannes B.Prins a,b,  Michael K. Baker d,e,h, Maria A. Fiatarone Singh e,f,h, Jeff S.Coombesb

 

Sexual side-effects of contemporary antidepressants: review
Isaac Schweitzer, Kay Maguire, Chee NG.

 

Short Repor: Epidemilogy
HbA in adults without known diabetes from southern Europe. Impact of the new diagnostic criteria in clinical practice.

M.R. Bernal-Lopez, S. Santamaría-Fernández, D. Lopez-Carmona. F.J. Tinahones , J. Mancera-Romeros, D. Peña-Jimenez, S. Jansen-Chaparro, A. J. Baca-Osorios, A.L. Cuesta-Muñoz, M. Serrano-Rios and R. Gomez-Huelgas

 

Comparative Effectiveness Review

 

Downin oireyhtymaan liittyvien laake-tieteellisten ongelmien hyva hoito

 

Thermographic visualization of changes in periphe
Litscher G. Wang L.

 

Australians with Down syndrome
Health matters

 

Thermoregulation and Thermography in Neonatal Physiology and Disease
Robin B. Knobel, PhD, RN, Bob D. Guenther, PhD, and Henry E. Rice, MD.

Abstract
Introduction:Infrared thermal imaging or thermography is a technique used to measure body surface temper of thermoregulation. Researchers are beginning to use this novel methodology to study cancer, peripheral vas wound management

 

 Comparison of 3 Infrared Thermal Detection Systems and Self-Report for Mass Fever Screening
 An V. Nguyen, Nicole J. Cohen, Harvey Lipman,1 Clive M. Brown, Noelle-Angelique Molinari, William L. Jackson, Hannah Kirking, Paige Szymanowski, Todd W. Wilson, Bisan A. Salhi, Rebecca R. Roberts, David W. Stryker, and Daniel B. Fishbein

 

 Health conditions associated with aging and end of life of adults with Down syndrome
Anna J. Esbensen, PhD Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

Abstract
Expectations for the life course of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have changed, with life expectancy estimates increasing from 12 in 1949 to nearly 60 years of age today (Bittles & Glasson, 2004; Penrose, 1949). Along with this longer life expectancy comes a larger population of adults with DS who display premature age-related changes in their health. There is thus a need to provide specialized health care to this aging population of adults with DS who are at high risk for some conditions and at lower risk for others. This review focuses on the rates and contributing factors to medical conditions that are common in adults with DS or that show changes with age. The review of medical conditions includes the increased risk for skin and hair changes, early onset menopause, visual and hearing impairments, adult onset seizure disorder, thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, obesity, sleep apnea and musculoskeletal problems. The different pattern of conditions associated with the mortality of adults with DS is also reviewed.

 

Infrared imaging technology and biological applications
 GERALD KASTBERGER University of Graz, Graz, Austria and REINHOLD STACHL nbn Elektronik, Graz, Austria

 

Senile myoclonic epilepsy: Delineation of a common condition associated with Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome
Roberto De Simone a,b, Xavier Salas Puig c, Philippe Ge´ lisse d, Arielle Crespel d, Pierre Genton

 

Survival in Elderly Persons with Down Syndrome
Antonia M, W, coppus, MD, Heleen M. Evenhuis, MD. PhD, Gert-Jan Verberne, MD. PhD, Ben A. Oostra, PhD, Piet Eikelenboom, MD, PhD, Willem A. Van Gool, A. Cecile J. W. Janssens, PhD, and Cornelia M. van Duijn, PhD.

 

Ten-year survival among HIV-1 infected subjects with AIDS or non -AIDS- defining malignancies
Vincenzo Spagnuoto, Laura Gallí, Stefania Salpietro, Nicola Gianotti, Monica Gulfanti, Francesca Cossarini, Alba Bigoloni, Paola Cinque, Simona Bossolasco, Giovanna Travi, Luca Fumagalli, Adriano Lazzarin and Antonella Castagna

 

Persons with Down syndrome in residential care in Israel: Trends for 1998-2006
Mohammed Morad, MD, Isaack Kandel, MA, Phd, Efrat Merrick-Kenig, MD and Joav Merrick, MD, MMedSci, DMSc

 

Minocycline Suppresses Activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 1 (NFAT1) in Human CD4 + T Cells
Gregory L. Szeti, Joel L. Pomerantz, David R. M. Graham and Janice E. Clements

 

Genomic aberrations in pediatric diffuse  intrinsic pontine gliomas
Katherine E. Warren, Keith Killian, Miia Suuriniemi, Yonghong Wang, Martha Quezado, and Paul S. Meltzer

 

Angioedema-type swelling and herpes simplex virus reactivation following hyaluronic acid injection for lip augmentation
Adrienne C. Jordan, MD, Stephen E. Mercer, MD, PhD, Barry D. Goldman, MD, and Patrick O. Emanuel, MbChB

 

Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis
David S. Celermajer Keld E. Sorensen Vanda M. Gooch adrienDavid J. Spiegelhalter  Owen I. Miller Ian D. Sullivan June k. Lloyd   John E. Deanfield

 

Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype is not associated with endothelial dysfunction in subjects without other coronary risk factors
David S. Celermajer* a, Keld E. Sorensena, Jacqueline Barleyb, Steve Jeffreyb, Nicholas Carterb, John Deanfield” “Cardiothoracic Unit. Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London, UK bThe Medical Genetics Unit, St George’s Hospital Medical School, London

Abstract
The DD genotype is a polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene, and is associated with a significantly increased risk of myocardial infarction. As endothelial dysfunction is an important event in both early atherogenesis and late atherosclerosis, we hypothesised that the adverse effect associated with the ACE/DD genotype might be mediated via endothelial damage. Using high resolution ultrasound, we studied the brachial arteries of 184 subjects aged 15-73 (mean 38 f 14) years, who were all normotensive, non-diabetic lifelong non-smokers. Arterial diameter was measured at rest, during reactive hyperaemia (with flow increase causing endothelium-dependent dilation) and after sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, an endothelium-independent vasodilator). The ACE genotype was determined in each case by DNA amplification; 49/184(27%) had DD, 89 (48%) had ID and 46 (25%) had II genotype. Flowmediated dilation (FMD) was 8.5% f 3.9% in the DD, 7.8% f 4.1% in the ID and 7.8% f 4.1% in the II subjects (P = NS). GTN-induced dilation was also similar in the 3 groups. On multivariate analysis, endothelium-dependent dilation was inversely related to age (r = -0.33, P < O.OOl), vessel size (r = -0.41, P < 0.001) but not ACE genotype (r = 0.002, P = 0.97). The ACE genotype is unrelated to endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic arteries of clinically well adults. This suggests that the risk associated with this polymorphism may be mediated by other mechanisms. Keywords: Endothelium; Flow; Atherosclerosis

 

Impaired Vascular Reactivity in  Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus is Related to Disease Duration and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels
Peter Clarkson, Bsc, MRCP, David S. Celermarjer PhD, FRACP, Ann E. D., Mike Sampson, MD, MRCP, Keld E., Sorensen, MD, Mark Adams, MB. FRACP, Dennis K. Yue, PhD,  FRACP, D. John Betteridge, MD, PhD, FRCP, John E. Deanfield, MB, BChir, FRCP
London, England, United Kingdom and Camperdown, New South Wales Australia

 

Atherosclerosis in the Human Brachial Artery
KELD E. SORENSEN, MD, INGRID B. KRISTENSEN, MD,
DAVID S. CELERMAJER, PHD, FRACP*
Aarhus, Denmark and Sydney, Australia

 

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